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In human genetics, Haplogroup J-M172 or J2〔 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup which is a subclade (branch) of haplogroup J-P209.〔 J-M172 originates between the Caucasus Mountains, Mesopotamia and the region just north of Arabia known as the Levant.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=N. Al-Zahery et al. "Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations" (2003) )〕 J-M172 is linked to the earliest indigenous populations of Anatolia and the Aegean.〔 The present-day ethnicities who have the strongest amounts of J2 include pre-Arabised Mesopotamians and Levantine peoples, Mediterranean/Aegean peoples, Greco-Anatolians, Caucasians, South and Central Asians. It is further divided into two complementary clades, J-M410 and J-M12 (M12, M102, M221, M314). ==Origins== The date of origin for haplogroup J-M172 was estimated by ''Batini et al'' in 2015 as between 19,000 and 24,000 Years Before Present (YBP). ''Samino et al'' in 2004 dated the origin of the parent haplogroup, J-P209, to between 18,900 and 44,500 YBP.〔 ''Zalloua & Wells 2004'' noted that J-M172 existed at least during the founding of Jericho (circa 10,500 YBP).〔 ''Zalloua and Wells 2004'' and ''al-Zaheri 2003'' uncovered the earliest known migration of J2, from Sumeria to Canaan.〔Zalloua & Wells: National Geographic Magazine, October 2004. () and ().〕〔 In what may or may not have been a reference to that particular migration from Sumeria to Canaan, Genesis 11:27-28 () says that the family of Abraham came from Ur, a Sumerian city; likewise, Sumeria has a myth of a flood, same gods in the Sumerian pantheon as some of those in the Canaanite religion and a creation myth similar to those of the Israelites.〔White, C.M.; "In Search of... The Origin of Nations," pg. 311. AuthorHouse; 1 June 2003.〕 In 2001, ''Nebel et al.'' found that, "According to Underhill et al. (2000), Eu 9 (H58) evolved from Eu 10 (H71) through a T→G transversion at M172 (emphasis added)," and that in today's populations, Eu 9 (the post-mutation form of M172) is strongest in the Caucasus, Asia Minor and the Levant, whilst Eu 10 becomes stronger and replaces the frequency of Eu 9 as one moves south into the Arabian Peninsula,〔 See especially Figure Six. ''Semino 2000'' is a source which also states that Eu 9 descends from Eu 10 (Eu 10 is a different subclade of Haplogroup J (mtDNA)).〕 so that Eastern Europeans from the Caucasus met with Arabs near and between Mesopotamia (formerly Sumeria) and the Negev Desert, as Arabisation spread from Arabia to the Levant and Turkey, as well as many peoples (e.g. Jews, Armenians, Lebanese) having returned from diasporas. Per research by ''Di Giacomo 2004'', J-M172 haplogroup spread into Southern Europe" from either the Levant or Anatolia, likely parallel to the development of agriculture. As to the timing of its spread into Europe, Di Giacomo points to events which ''post''-date the Neolithic, in particular the demographic floruit associated with the rise of the Ancient Greek world. Semino et al. derived older age estimates for overall J2 (having used the Zhivitovksy method c.f. Di Giacomo), postulating its initial spread with Neolithic farmers from the Near East. However, its subclade distribution, showing localized peaks in the Southern Balkans, southern Italy, north/central Italy and the Caucasus, does not conform to a single 'wave-of-advance' scenario, betraying a number of still poorly understood post-Neolithic processes which created its current pattern. Like Di Giacomo, the Bronze Age southern Balkans was suggested by ''Semino 2004'' to have been an important vector of spread. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Haplogroup J-M172」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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